The tourism cycle of development provides a great opportunity for undertaking fieldwork. It discusses current tourism development explanatory models in the context of sustainability and presents the proposal of a new integrative model. Development the area is now acknowledged as a tourist destination. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel. Moreover, the skewness of the proportion of the market categorized by the five tourist typologies i. According to woodside 2017, plog s model represents a foundational, noteworthy contribution to the theory of consumer behaviour in tourism. Developed from the successful portuguese textbook teoria do turismo, tourism theory provides clear and thorough coverage of all aspects of tourism theory for students and researchers of tourism. One of the bestknown models in the travel and tourism field is one proposed by stanley plog.
This individual is friendly and fearless in conduct. However, plogs framework has often been uncritically accepted by tourism researchers even though the travel industry has changed considerably since the model was introduced, calling further. Since the need hierarchy theory of abraham maslow is being the core of study, this theory is dealt in detail in chapter i11 separately. Plogs model of personalitybased psychographic traits in. To demonstrate that the psychographic factors can determine tourists options in order to choose a place for vacation. To develop a theoretical framework, this article relies on three theories to explicate the travel behaviour of senior citizens. Plogs discussed the tourist behavior and motivations based on the psychology of the tourists. The authors also apply other motivation models in tourism, such as plog. Sage reference plogs model of typologies of tourists.
A test of plogs allocentricpsychocentric model citeseerx. Stanley plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity, a seminal tourism model, has been widely cited in the tourism literature and is included in virtually every hospitality and tourism text. Pdf plogs model of personalitybased psychographic traits. Some people will be happy to lay in the sun on a beach and do very little, however. International journal of management and marketing research, 43, 4556. Pdf plogs model of personalitybased psychographic traits in. Plogs theory was based on a case study conducted on new york residents and their attitudes to travel. Butlers tourism area life cycle 5 star tourism consultancy. Plogs model of tourists behavior in tourism management plogs model of tourists behavior in tourism management courses with reference manuals and examples pdf. It is tourism for attending some sports event such as world cup cricket match, fifa, or olympics.
This is a blog for students, professionals of tourism and anyone interested in tourist sustainability all around the world. Pdf on jan 1, 2017, oliver cruzmilan and others published plogs model of. Therefore, this study investigates the tourism behaviour of spanish senior travellers, including both their motivations and their tendency to travel. Hence the study shall be based upon the case study of cambridge area where tourism development is quite necessary. Exploration the area remains unspoilt and tourist facilities are minimal.
Tourism theories leipers tourism system model 1990 stanley plogs model of destination. Residents attitude toward perceived tourism benefits. Development development of additional tourist facilities and increased. Description theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide range of activities. The need for safety and security freedom from danger, job security, healthcare etc, 3. The need for esteem recognition by others, feeling of achievement etc. Pdf revisiting plogs model of allocentricity and psychocentricity. Plog s venturesomeness concept has also been used as a. Butler university of western ontario the concept of a recognizable cycle in the evolution of tourist areas is presented, using a basic s curve to illustrate their waving and waning popularity. These sponsors were key drivers in the travel industry, and the task of the. Traveler personality type was measured using plog s 1972 fiveitem allocentrismpsychocentrism scale. This study will also investigate whether the relationships between the types of tourist and authenticity in tourism are significantly correlated with tourists previous experiences. According to plog 2001 most destinations have an uncontrolled development pattern in which follow are predictable, however at each stage the destination appeals to a different psychographic group of travelers.
Plogs model of tourists behavior in tourism management. Tourist typologies a theoretical intr oduction to tourism. The purpose of this study is to discuss prevalent sociopsychological models which examine how tourists needs and motivations affect their destination choices by collectively considering plogs 1974 psychographic profiles, cohens 1979 tourist typology and peaces 1988 travel career ladder. Pdf plogs model of typologies of tourists researchgate. The need to belong acceptance by the group, friendships, love etc. Cohens model of typologies of tourists is an early conceptual framework aimed at the sociological analysis of the phenomenon of modern tourism.
Tourists can be described as a particular group of tourists based upon their different psychological characteristics. The authors also apply other motivation models in tourism, such as plogs psychographic or iso aholas model of the social psychology of tourism. Involvement additional facilities are provided by locals and small businesses. Sustainable tourism development and code of conduct 189.
Stanley plog, an american researcher came up with a theory in which he classifies travelers in two main sectors followed by three subsections according to their. While some empirical investigations have corroborated the model. An obvious moti vation is to have an enjoyable experience, but there are many different ways to achieve this. Since the goods and services provided to tourists are really inputs to the process of producing the experience, demand for these. The most cited theories in tourism researches, psychographic types of travellers and desti. Apr 12, 2016 therefore, this study investigates the tourism behaviour of spanish senior travellers, including both their motivations and their tendency to travel. An important point that emerged from the destination development of plogs theory is that different tourists destinations are attractive to different types of tourists based on the kind of traveler they are, psycho or allocentric and that majority of the tourists will prefer to travel for short distances than longer ones to go for holidays. According to plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time, and follow a relatively predictable pattern of growth and decline in popularity. In bibliography there are two basic trends for the concept of sustainability in tourism. The need for seifactualization fulfillment of capacities the needs are arranged in order of importance under the assumption.
The activity is particularly adept at making complex issues of global travel relevant to the current generation of students. This latter stage produced great interest in tourism planning, but almost totally from the perspective of maximizing economic growth. May 14, 2018 more specifically, neither plogs 1974 psychographic model nor pearces 1988 is empirically proven to be admitted as a theory, but the logic intuitively makes sense. Plogs theory of allocentric and psychocentric traveler types was the basis in this. A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide. The study of travel motivation is basic and indispensable in tourism since it provides the logic, the rationale and purpose responsible for any tourism development plan. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important. Plog groups tourists into three classifications as depicted beneath. Plog did most of his work in the private sector, but published several books on travel, and was also the author of work on travel motivations and destination life cycles which is still widely cited and discussed. Travel motivations can fit well into maslows hierarchy of. Within the spectrum of psychographic personality types a tourist can either be classified as a dependable or venturer plog, 2001. Tourism theories is a website that puts the tourist in the centre of what is called tourism. Plogs tourist types plog s tourism typology plogs tourist types plogs tourist types allocentric enjoy traveling independently, cultural exploration, often in aboveaverage income groups, seek adventurous experiences on holiday. In his 1972 journal article towards a sociology of international tourism, the sociologist erik cohen was the first to suggest that there are different types of tourists.
Empirical research on plogs psychographic model has yielded varied, inconclusive results, and the postulates of his conceptual framework are still subject to academic scrutiny. Evaluating the life cycle model in relation to queensland and hawaii anthony van fossen and george lafferty abstract this paper examines the most influential model of tourism development, the life cycle model, which has defined a normal science of evolution for tourism destinations. Personal values, traveler personality type, and leisure. This research note presents a test of plogs model of tourism destination preferences. The current study argues that no single model can adequately explain tourists. Nickerson and ellis 1991 concluded that using fiske and maddis 1961 theory broadened plogs model by providing. According to woodside 2017, plogs model represents a foundational, noteworthy contribution to the theory of consumer behaviour in tourism. Butlers 1980 model and plogs 2001 concept can be overlaid to determine community responses to destination changes. The tourism industry will decrease, resulting in job losses. Notes 2 destination preferences demand and supply in tourism tourism. This person is outgoing and selfconfident in behavior.
Plogs tourist types plogs tourism typology plogs tourist types plogs tourist types allocentric enjoy traveling independently, cultural exploration, often in aboveaverage income groups, seek adventurous experiences on holiday. In his 1972 journal article towards a sociology of international tourism, the sociologist erik cohen was the first to. The maslows 5stage theory on motivation to satisfy five basic human needs, extended by cognitive, aesthetic and selfactualization needs, is applied for the analysis of tourists needs. This entry discusses the history of plogs model, types of tourists and the destinations they choose, using the model in tourism development. However, plogs framework has often been uncritically accepted by tourism researchers even though the travel industry. The first one is christallers theory, in his theory he explained how tourist develops over time. When characterizing offpeak international tourists to new zealand, krakover and cuiker 2006 found that that demographics of off. Evaluating the life cycle model in relation to queensland and hawaii anthony van fossen and george lafferty abstract this paper examines the most influential model of tourism development, the life cycle model, which has defined a. The overall image of the destination will be negatively impacted.
Sustainability in tourism has to do with a tendency of development that recognises and puts principles in tourism development. Plog in public taking tourism theory to practice nrpa. During this age it was popular for the wealthy population to vacation by the seaside. For a particular tourism area, you can collect data to locate its position in butlers model of tourism development. Travel weekly has carried an obituary announcing the death of stanley plog, aged 80. This entry discusses the history of plogs model, types of tourists and the destinations they choose, using the model in tourism development, and academic research on the model. Plogs psychographic classification of tourists and travel motivation are given below. Tourism development in the context of sustainability. Allocentrics enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures.
Motivation of tourism participants topic of research paper. Cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly, 423, 24. Traveler personality type was measured using plogs 1972 fiveitem allocentrismpsychocentrism scale. This was identified as blackpool attracts a large number of repeat visitors visitors who return to blackpool year after year.
An allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. Two instruments, each commonly cited in the literature, were used. The relationship between types of tourist and destination. Origins of the model plogs model was published in 1974 as an article titled, why destination areas rise and fall in popularity, in the cornell hotel and. Stanley plog began writing about tourists and related travel patterns of americans more than. The isoaholas theory indicates that what motivates tourism is the assertion of personal escape whereby overcoming bad mood and changing the pace of your everyday life, personal seeking whereby boasting about your experience to others to feel good about yourself, interpersonal escape is whereby you escape the stressful environment you are in. Motivation of tourism participants topic of research. Plogs theory according to plogs classification of tourists and travel motivation theory 1974, blackpools tourists can be considered midcentric and psychocentric. It is conducted with a clear objective such as climbing a mountain, touring around the world, or learning local culinary arts or languages.
An american researcher named plog mason 26 put forth his theory based on the psychology of tourists and these were published in 1973. Plog in publicrequires minimal preactivity preparation and a public space populated by tourists to make the activity feasible for coursework. The key aim of the research lies in to critically evaluate and practically test the application of butlers theory of tourism development. Plogs venturesomeness concept has also been used as a. For a particular tourism area, you can collect data to locate its position in butler s model of tourism development. Butlers theory and blackpool originally, it was the 1850s which brought the exploration stage to blackpool. However no person is a perfect exemplar of any personality type, plog, 2001, pg 15 with only. Plogs work on psychographic segmentation of tourists indicates that tourists with different personalities will seek different travel. Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below allocentric the wanderers. Specific stages in the evolu tionary sequence are described, along with a range of possible. Thus sustainable tourism development is seldom considered as an autonomous function of. A visitor who looks for new encounters and experience in an extensive variety of exercises. Tourism planning 63 planning is concerned with anticipating and regulating change in a system to promote orderly development so as to increase the social, economic and environmental benefits of the development process. The contestation of development model that was based on enlargement, industrialisation and on the economies of scale, as well as changes in the human principles lead to the contestation of organised mass tourism and in the search of new more sustainable forms of tourism development hardi, 1997.
Theories within tourism can be difficult, even confusing areas to understand. Start by studying each of the stages below and then consider the types of data you might collect that are relevant to the butler model. Plog in public taking tourism theory to practice joe pavelka mount royal university abstract an important subject in teaching tourism is how destinations change but because of the temporal component of change, that is not always easy to do in the classroom. Travel weekly posts obituary of leading tourism researcher. Destination change consequences an introduction to tourism. Sage reference cohens model of typologies of tourists. Theories on tourism development lesson 2 there are many theories when it comes to tourism development but we only discussed six theories and the essential things that can help us in developing the tourism industry. Consisting of five sections and over fifty entries, this book covers nine of the most important models in.
1218 449 1266 1114 1152 264 261 501 17 1491 60 140 351 552 585 795 436 1114 587 632 268 191 1215 1397 769 51 1483 1049 1399 427 414 508 1459 157 472 666 993